储料竖向压力对粮仓中小麦粮堆湿热传递的影响

粮仓中存在压力场、温度场和湿度场等多物理场,为了得出各物理因子共同影响下的粮堆内湿热传递规律,该研究利用自行研制的粮堆多场耦合试验装置,针对仓内小麦粮堆单元体,研究在高温边界38.5℃、低温边界5.2℃,初始粮温25.8℃,竖向压力分别为50、100、150 kPa条件下小麦粮堆湿热传递情况。试验结果表明:竖向压力增加,粮堆孔隙率减小,热量通过粮食籽粒间传导增加,传递速率加快,竖向压力从50 kPa增大至150 k Pa,粮温较入仓时下降约0.5~1.3℃,温度梯度变化率达8.7%,不同压力下粮堆高温区面积随储藏时间呈幂函数减小。粮堆内湿空气在边界处累积至峰值时会有部分湿空气向粮堆内迁移。粮堆中部与靠近低温边界温差大于6.3℃时,粮堆内湿空气扩散加快,粮堆中部平均相对湿度下降速率随竖向压力增加而加快。研究结果可为散装粮堆多场耦合研究提供理论支持。     

滴灌条件下水土温度对覆砂土壤水热运移影响的数值模拟

为探究滴灌条件下水温与土温对覆砂土壤水热运移规律的影响,基于HYDRUS-2D构建了不同水土温度土壤水热运移数值模型,模拟分析了不同水土温度对覆砂土壤水分、温度动态变化的影响。结果表明:灌溉水温对土壤水热分布影响显著,随着温度升高,土壤湿润体内含水率减小,表现为35℃水温20℃水温5℃水温,灌溉水温对土壤剖面温度分布也有较大影响,表层0—15 cm范围内温度变化了5～10℃。相同水温条件下,随着土壤温度升高,土壤饱和导水率增大,湿润土体内体积含水率减小,表现为30℃土壤温度15℃土壤温度5℃土壤温度。滴灌水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离随温度升高而增大,湿润锋运移距离与时间符合幂函数F=at~b,决定系数R~2介于0.977 4～0.999 6,并建立了水平和垂直湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间和温度的关系模型。以期为西北干旱地区砂石覆盖生态农业的合理补灌提供理论指导。     

气候变暖背景下河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害风险预估

为预估未来气候变暖背景下夏玉米花期高温灾害风险,根据河南省19个农业气象观测站夏玉米抽雄期常年观测资料和未来RCPs(representativeconcentrationpathways)气候变化情景数据,构建夏玉米花期高温风险评价指标,开展河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害时空特征及风险演变分析。其中RCPs气候情景数据包括基准气候条件(1951—2005年, RCP-rf)和未来(2006—2050年)RCP 4.5(中)、RCP 8.5(高)两种浓度路径数据。以抽雄普遍期及之后7d确定为夏玉米花期,并内插匹配气候情景格点数据。以花期最高气温≥32℃和≥35℃作为轻度和重度高温灾害发生阈值,根据轻、重度夏玉米花期高温发生频率和高温积害,建立风险评价指标并分级。结果表明, RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温发生频率在20.5%～81.0%(≥32℃)和3.9%～51.9%(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温发生频率增加9.1%(RCP4.5)和11.0%(RCP8.5),≥35℃高温发生频率增加8.7%(RCP4.5)和8.3%(RCP8.5)。RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温积害在48.5～200.9℃·d(≥32℃)和9.8～138.5℃·d(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温积害增加25.4℃·d (RCP 4.5)和25.6℃·d (RCP 8.5),≥35℃高温积害增加25.8℃·d (RCP 4.5)和31.4℃·d (RCP 8.5)。由综合风险分析可知, RCP-rf情景下夏玉米花期高温灾害高值风险区主要分布在新乡、郑州、许昌、漯河、周口及其以东以北的地区(商丘除外),约占夏玉米主栽区面积的30.1%;RCP4.5情景下高值风险区扩大至洛阳和南阳以东的大部分地区,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的63.4%; RCP 8.5情景下高值风险区面积进一步向西扩大,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的占76.3%。     

The use of the hand-held infrared thermometer as an early detection tool for exertional heat illness in Thoroughbred racehorses: A study at racetracks in eastern Australia

Thoroughbred racehorses perform exercise at maximal intensities and typically display a hyperthermic exercise response, which can drive core body temperature to critical levels. Despite extremely efficient thermoregulatory mechanisms, certain weather conditions may affect the horse’s ability to cool and result in a syndrome referred to as exertional heat illness (EHI). This is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction, as well as cytotoxic effects of heat on cells, which can produce deleterious consequences. Early detection of exertional heat illness (EHI) in Thoroughbred racehorses can be difficult because signs are often vague and the measurement of rectal temperature as an indicator of hyperthermia is not practical. Best practice in the treatment of EHI in horses, as in human subjects, centres on early detection, rapid assessment and aggressive cooling. Research in human subjects has shown that EHI is manageable when recognised early and appropriate treatment provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement of skin surface temperature (SST) by an infrared thermometer as an aid in the early detection of EHI. A skin surface temperature ≥39°C in the immediate postrace period is considered to be hot. It reflects the interaction of exercise-related metabolic heat production, physiological adjustments to the skin surface such as vasodilation and sweating, together with the effect of high ambient temperature. Most importantly, high SST is associated with a reduced core-to-skin temperature difference, which retards heat transfer from the deep body tissues to the skin and can hinder heat dissipation. Identification of horses with high SSTs can prioritise them for rapid cooling and curtail possible progression to EHI.     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

气候变化对宝鸡地区植被覆盖时空演变的影响

植被覆盖变化及其对气候因子的响应研究是一个长期、复杂的动态过程，本研究基于MODIS NDVI数据和宝鸡气象局11个气象站点的气候因子（气温、降水量）数据，运用趋势和相关分析法等探讨宝鸡地区近13年植被覆盖的时空变化规律及与年均温和年降水量之间的相互关系，为区域农业发展和生态文明建设工作提供了理论支撑。结果表明：（1）宝鸡地区近13a年均NDVI以0.025/10 a的速度上升，较快于三北防护林工程区1982—2006年植被覆盖的增速(0.007/10 a)，且出现2001—2002年、2003—2004年两次高恢复期；（2）多年NDVI高值区集中于太白河和湑水河之间的太白县南部地区。千河沿岸及渭河流域宝鸡段的宝鸡市、宝鸡县、凤翔、岐山南北沿岸的“带状”地区，植被覆盖最低；（3）全区植被覆盖与气温较显著正相关像元占15.016% (P<0.05)，与降水量较显著正相关像元占16.872% (P<0.05)，相关性均较好。     

青藏高原东部强降温过程阈值的探讨及其气候特征

为解决青藏高原东部强降温的气象预报和服务问题,利用青藏高原东北部68个气象站1961-2017年逐日最低气温数据,辅以趋势分析及相关分析等方法,本文探讨了近57年青藏高原东北部强降温的阈值及气候特征,并利用NECP/NCAR(2.5°×2.5°)海温场、高度场建立了预报诊断模型。研究发现 (1) 应用改进的强降温指标统计寒潮发生的特征更符合高原实际情况。(2)受地形地貌及山脉阻挡的影响,青藏高原东部强降温次数的地域分布存在明显差异,海拔较高的山区和东部地区强降温次数明显多于盆地。南部山区24h寒潮发生的次数多于48h、72h。(3)近57年区域寒潮频次总体呈下降趋势,南部和北部的降速分别为-0.5次/10a、-0.4次/10a,并通过显著性检验；西北部盆地区降速分别为-0.1次/10a,未通过显著性检验。(4)高冷空气的移动路径是强降温预测的关键信号。研究结果为青藏高原相关部门开展农牧业资源的和旅游资源的相关决策服务提供科学依据。     

严格意义的无霜期统计方法探讨

根据霜冻和无霜期对农作物生长的影响及农业气候区划的指导意义,比较无霜期与严格意义上的“无冻期”的关系和区别,分析霜冻出现的初、终日与霜、结冰现象及气温、地面温度、草面温度≤0℃出现的初日、终日之间的关系,探讨“无霜冻期”的合理统计方法,并通过对鄂东地区的麻城、浠水、黄石三地的无霜期和“无冻期”的统计,总结两者的差异和特征,从而为正确理解和统计无霜冻期,提出一套新的观点和方法,为指导农业生产和农业气候区划提供依据。     

Grain Quality as Affected by Down-regulation of Expression of Different ALK Alleles in indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

【Objective】Gelatinization temperature (GT) is one of the key physicochemical properties in rice quality, which is mainly regulated by ALK (SSII-3) gene. In general, there are two ALK alleles among indica cultivars. To detect their functional differentiation in indica rice,【Method】Zhenshan 97B (a high GT variety carrying ALKc allele) and Longtefu B (a low GT variety carrying ALKb allele), were used as receptors for the generation of transgenic rice with down-regulation of ALK expression by RNA interference (RNAi).【Result】Down-regulation of ALK gene significantly decreased the GT of the transgenic lines. Due to the difference of original GT between the two receptors, the GT of transgenic rice lines derived from Zhenshan 97B (a high GT variety) decreased significantly, but it is slightly decreased in transgenic plants derived from Longtefu B (a low GT variety). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the initial temperature of RNAi transgenic rice was significantly lower than the corresponding control and the transgenic lines were gelatinized in advance. The peak value of GT(Tp) in RNAi rice grains was significantly lower than that of the control under Zhenshan 97B background. However, Tp of RNAi rice grains under Longtefu B background was significantly lower than the control to a lesser extent. Also, down-regulation of ALK expression had a significant effect on rice physical-chemical characteristics. An increase of apparent amylose content in RNAi transgenic plants was detected due to the decreased expression of ALK gene. Besides, the pasting properties showed that down-regulation of ALK gene had obvious effects on peak viscosity and breakdown value, improving the taste of the transgenic rice. The gel consistency was significantly different among Zhenshan 97B RNAi lines and their parents, but no difference was found in Longtefu-derived transgenic lines.【Conclusion】RNA interference to ALK allele expression had a significant effect on rice quality, especially the gelatinization characters. Down-regulated expression level of ALKc allele would cause larger variation of physical-chemical characteristics between transgenic rice and their parent than that of ALKb allele.     

温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾是新近入侵我国的重大农业害虫,为了弄清其入侵生物学特性,为草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及综合治理提供理论依据,本研究在光照培养箱内设置6个温度(17、22、27、32、37、42℃)饲养草地贪夜蛾,测定其不同阶段的存活率、发育历期、体重及繁殖力等,探究温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在42℃条件下仅能短暂存活,在17～32℃范围内可正常生长发育,其幼虫期、蛹期及世代历期均随着温度的升高而缩短,17℃条件下世代历期和幼虫期分别为(58.73±1.46)d和(21.79±1.03)d,37℃条件下则分别仅为(22.57±0.84)d和(11.12±0.31)d。成虫寿命在17～27℃范围内差异不大,之后随温度升高而缩短,37℃下成虫寿命仅为27℃下的1/4左右,且在该温度下成虫无法正常羽化,雌成虫不产卵。17～32℃下雌成虫产卵前期随温度的升高而缩短,产卵期则随温度升高而有所延长,平均单雌产卵量在27℃下最高,为(565.50±143.40)粒。说明温度升高会导致草地贪夜蛾发育历期缩短,年发生世代数增加,幼虫取食量增大,对作物的为害加重。